It is common for children at a young age or early adolescence to sometimes disagree with authority figures who are generally parents or adults. However, if the child’s disobedience to parents or in the school environment becomes problematic due to the child’s inconsistent behavior, it needs attention and treatment.
What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder in which a child exhibits a pattern of angry or moody moods, disobedient or combative behavior, and resentment toward authority figures. ODD disrupts the child’s daily functioning, including activities related to school and family, and it also makes communication with peers difficult.
People with this disorder often show their disapproval by being rebellious and arguing with parents, teachers, or other adults. If the intensity of the child’s rebellious behavior is more than usual for their age and its duration lasts more than six months, the child can be known as an ODD patient.
Estimates indicate that 2 to 16 percent of children and adolescents have this disorder. Its prevalence is higher in boys. In adolescents, it occurs equally in boys and girls. It usually starts at the age of eight.
Overlap of ODD with other disorders
For many children and adolescents who suffer from this disorder, there are other behavioral problems such as learning disorders, mood disorders (such as depression), attention deficit disorder, and anxiety disorders.
Some children with ODD develop a more damaging behavior disorder called conduct disorder. In conduct disorder, the child shows antisocial behavior such as bullying, stealing, and cruelty to animals and people.
Symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder
There is a difference between a child who wants to assert their will and a child who displays symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder. Examining the symptoms of the disorder can help diagnose it. Arguing excessively with adults, especially with figures of authority. Actively refusing to comply with requests and rules. Trying to hurt or upset people or being easily hurt by others. Blaming others for their own mistakes. Frequent outbursts of anger. Being spiteful and seeking revenge. Using profanity or swearing. Speaking hatefully when upset. Exhibiting vindictive behavior (trying to hurt others) at least twice in the past six months.
In addition, many children with this disorder have low self-esteem, are easily frustrated, and have volatile moods. They may also tend to be prone to alcohol and drug abuse.
Causes of ODD
The exact cause of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is not known. Still, scientists believe genetic, biological, and environmental factors may contribute to this condition’s development.
The role of neurotransmitters in the brain: ODD is associated with certain brain chemicals or neurotransmitters that may not function properly. Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in facilitating communication between nerve cells in the brain. When the levels of these chemicals in the brain are either too low or too high, it can disrupt the transmission of messages between brain cells, leading to symptoms of ODD and other mental illnesses.
Brain damage: some studies suggest that defects or damage to specific brain areas may result in significant behavioral problems in children.
Temperament: Children who struggle to control their emotions are more prone to abnormal disorders.
Genetics and family history: Close relatives with various mental disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety, and personality disorders, can contribute to the development of these disorders, suggesting a genetic link.
Family problems: things like dysfunctional family life, substance abuse, lack of structure and stability, and parental conflicts can contribute to behavioral disorders.
Peers: The behavior of a child or teenager can be influenced by their peers, which may strengthen their behavior.
Diagnosis of ODD
To diagnose mental disorders in children, like adults, the symptoms of the disorders should be monitored, as well as consider any physical and medical problems. This is because behavioral problems may be caused by physiological factors. The doctor begins the evaluation by taking a complete medical history and physical examination.
If the specialist cannot find a physical cause for the symptoms, they will refer the child to a psychiatrist or child psychologist who is qualified to diagnose and treat mental illnesses in children and adolescents. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specific diagnostic interview tools to assess the disorder. The therapist bases their diagnosis on the symptoms and observation of the child’s attitude and behavior. It’s important not to make a diagnosis based solely on the child’s explanation, as the child may have difficulty understanding the symptoms and often must rely on the descriptions and complaints of the child’s parents, teachers, and other adults.
Additionally, it’s crucial to pay attention to the symptoms of other psychological disorders often associated with the primary disorder, such as ADHD and depression. 
Treatment of ODD
There are several factors to consider when treating this disorder, including the child’s age, the severity of symptoms, and their ability to participate in and tolerate certain treatments. Treatment usually includes a combination of the following:
Psychotherapy: This counseling aims to help the child develop problem-solving skills and learn to express and manage anger. Cognitive behavioral therapy is often used to change the child’s thinking to improve behavior.
Family-centered therapy: This type of therapy is used to resolve conflict and improve the quality of communication with family. Parent Management Training (PMT) is a specific technique that teaches parents how to positively change their child’s behavior by reaching agreements to encourage positive behaviors and discourage negative ones. Medication: While there is no specific medication approved for this disorder, a doctor may prescribe medication to address symptoms such as impulsivity. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed for other associated mental illnesses like ADHD or depression.